[Help] How to additem and Getclass on Code

Custom Code and Mods Custom Code and Requests
1

Hi guys, im starting making to make my own scripts, but Im so noob yet, have couple of dudes, I take a npc leveler script, for now if player has correct amount of tokens get level 80, but I wanna add to code 2 new functions I wanna the npc recognize the class of player, and depending on the class send him 5 items (1 set) any can give me a example to make this? this is a fragment of the code:

case 2: // Level 80 - required 10 tokens

if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 108, true))

{

pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true);

_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Youre now Level 80 & And you have now the last set of your class!”, pPlayer->GetGUID());

pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();

}

else

{

pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();

_creature->MonsterWhisper(“You dont have enough tokens.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());

return false;

}

break;

I think i Must add something like “if (pPlayer is class 1->addItem(ID1,ID2,ID3,ID4,ID5));” under " pPlayer->GiveLevel(80)" , And I must declare the classes at the begining of script but I dont secure of this, and I dont know 100% the commands for declare classes and add items, if any can give this noob an example I will be very grateful.

Thanks

ps: before ask, I try to do it by myself looking some gossip examples , but I dont find this function in any example

2

Use a switch.

switch (pPlayer->getClass())
{
case CLASS_DRUID:
// do stuff
break;
case CLASS_WARRIOR:
// do stuff
break;
}

To add items use pPlayer->AddItem(entry, count); It returns false if the item cant be stored.

3

Thanks Rochet for your help, but Im a little retard I think, because I dont use how to use switch, donw know where must it go, then I create an alternative :S Can you or any say if this code is well?

//Original LevelNPC script by - Ghostcrawler336

#include “ScriptPCH.h”
#define TOKEN_ID 90020

class Level_NPC : public CreatureScript
{
public:
Level_NPC() : CreatureScript(“Level_NPC”) {}
bool OnGossipHello(Player* pPlayer, Creature* _creature)
{
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(7, “Los sets son PVE, ¡¡Asegurate de tener 15 Espacios en el inventario!!”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 111212);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Druida: Nivel 80 + Healer & Feral & Caster Sets (20 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 1);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Chaman: Nivel 80 + Healer & DPS & Caster Sets (20 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 2);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Paladin: Nivel 80 + Healer & DPS & Tank (20 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 3);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Guerrero: Nivel 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 4);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Sacerdote: Nivel 80 + Healer & DPS Sets (15 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 5);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “DK: Nivel 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 6);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Picaro: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 7);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Cazador: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 8);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Mago: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 9);
pPlayer->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Brujo: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, GOSSIP_SENDER_MAIN, 10);

           pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendGossipMenu(907, _creature->GetGUID());
           return true;

}
bool OnGossipSelect(Player* pPlayer, Creature* _creature, uint32 uiSender, uint32 uiAction)
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->ClearMenus();

                           switch(uiAction)
                           {      
                                                     
                               case 1: // Druid: Level 80 + Healer & Feral & Caster Sets (20 Tokens)
                      if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 20, true))
                      {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200045, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200046, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200047, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200048, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200049, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200050, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200051, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200052, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200053, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200054, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200055, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200056, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200057, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200058, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200059, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 20, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

                  case 2: // Shaman: Level 80 + Healer & DPS & Caster Sets (20 Tokens)
         if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 20, true))
              {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200067, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200068, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200069, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200070, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200071, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200072, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200073, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200074, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200075, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200076, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200077, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200078, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200079, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200066, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200065, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 20, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

            case 3: // Paladin: Level 80 + Healer & DPS & Paladin (20 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 20, true))
        {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200000, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200001, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200002, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200003, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200004, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200035, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200036, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200037, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200038, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200039, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200040, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200041, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200042, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200043, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200044, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 20, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

            case 4: // Warrior: Level 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 15, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200005, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200006, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200007, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200008, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200009, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200010, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200011, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200012, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200013, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200014, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 15, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

            case 5: // Priest: Level 80 + Healer & DPS Sets (15 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 15, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200060, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200061, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200062, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200063, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200064, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200025, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200026, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200027, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200028, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200029, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 15, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

            case 6: // DK: Level 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 15, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200085, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200086, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200087, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200088, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200089, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200090, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200091, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200092, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200093, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200094, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 15, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

           case 7: // Rogue: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200020, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200021, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200022, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200023, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200024, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

            case 8: // Hunter: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200080, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200081, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200082, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200083, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200084, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

       case 9: // Mage: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200030, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200031, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200032, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200033, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200034, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;

       case 10: // Warlock: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
   if (pPlayer->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true))
   {
               pPlayer->GiveLevel(80);

pPlayer->AddItem(200015, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200016, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200017, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200018, 1);
pPlayer->AddItem(200019, 1);
pPlayer->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, 10, true);
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
}
else
{
pPlayer->PlayerTalkClass->SendCloseGossip();
_creature->MonsterWhisper(“No tienes suficientes monedas conejo.”, pPlayer->GetGUID());
return false;
}
break;
}
}
};
void AddSC_Level_NPC()
{
new Level_NPC();
}

if the code is Ok,Exist any method to show only 1 gossip per class ? For example If druid talk with npc, only show “Druid: Level 80 + Healer & Feral & Caster Sets (20 Tokens)”

EDIT: Maybe in each case I must change return false for return true for can store items like Rochet say me? Or if not neccesary at this form?

4

First you ask and then you ignore it totally…

To me that code looks horrible.

repeating things could be avoided with simple tricks.

I would code it a bit differently, but I modified your code to be a bit cleaner and show only the class’ own option in the menu.

I also managed to shorten the code from 380 rows to 190, while still preserving the additem switch structure of yours.

[CODE]
//Original LevelNPC script by - Ghostcrawler336

#include “ScriptPCH.h”
#define TOKEN_ID 90020

class Level_NPC : public CreatureScript
{
public:
Level_NPC() : CreatureScript(“Level_NPC”) {}
bool OnGossipHello(Player* player, Creature* creature)
{
player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(7, “Los sets son PVE, ¡¡Asegurate de tener 15 Espacios en el inventario!!”, 0, 111212);
switch (player->getClass())
{
// (icon, text, tokencost, action)
case CLASS_DRUID: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Druida: Nivel 80 + Healer & Feral & Caster Sets (20 Monedas Conejo)”, 20, 1); break;
case CLASS_SHAMAN: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Chaman: Nivel 80 + Healer & DPS & Caster Sets (20 Monedas Conejo)”, 20, 2); break;
case CLASS_PALADIN: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Paladin: Nivel 80 + Healer & DPS & Tank (20 Monedas Conejo)”, 20, 3); break;
case CLASS_WARRIOR: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Guerrero: Nivel 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Monedas Conejo)”, 15, 4); break;
case CLASS_PRIEST: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Sacerdote: Nivel 80 + Healer & DPS Sets (15 Monedas Conejo)”, 15, 5); break;
case CLASS_DEATH_KNIGHT: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “DK: Nivel 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Monedas Conejo)”, 15, 6); break;
case CLASS_ROGUE: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Picaro: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, 10, 7); break;
case CLASS_HUNTER: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Cazador: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, 10, 8); break;
case CLASS_MAGE: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Mago: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, 10, 9); break;
case CLASS_WARLOCK: player->ADD_GOSSIP_ITEM(10, “Brujo: Nivel 80 + DPS Set (10 Monedas Conejo)”, 10, 10); break;
}
player->SEND_GOSSIP_MENU(907, creature->GetGUID());
return true;
}

bool OnGossipSelect(Player* player, Creature* creature, uint32 token_count, uint32 action)
{
    player->PlayerTalkClass->ClearMenus();
    if (!token_count)
    {
        if(action == 111212)
        {
            player->CLOSE_GOSSIP_MENU();
            return false;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (!player->HasItemCount(TOKEN_ID, token_count))
        {
            player->GetSession()->SendNotification("No tienes suficientes monedas conejo");
        }
        else
        {
            player->DestroyItemCount(TOKEN_ID, token_count, true);
            player->GiveLevel(80);
            player->GetSession()->SendAreaTriggerMessage("Ahora eres nivel 80, y tienes los últimos sets PvE de tu Clase");
            switch(action)
            {
            case 1: // Druid: Level 80 + Healer & Feral & Caster Sets (20 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200045, 1);
                player->AddItem(200046, 1);
                player->AddItem(200047, 1);
                player->AddItem(200048, 1);
                player->AddItem(200049, 1);
                player->AddItem(200050, 1);
                player->AddItem(200051, 1);
                player->AddItem(200052, 1);
                player->AddItem(200053, 1);
                player->AddItem(200054, 1);
                player->AddItem(200055, 1);
                player->AddItem(200056, 1);
                player->AddItem(200057, 1);
                player->AddItem(200058, 1);
                player->AddItem(200059, 1);
                break;

            case 2: // Shaman: Level 80 + Healer & DPS & Caster Sets (20 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200067, 1);
                player->AddItem(200068, 1);
                player->AddItem(200069, 1);
                player->AddItem(200070, 1);
                player->AddItem(200071, 1);
                player->AddItem(200072, 1);
                player->AddItem(200073, 1);
                player->AddItem(200074, 1);
                player->AddItem(200075, 1);
                player->AddItem(200076, 1);
                player->AddItem(200077, 1);
                player->AddItem(200078, 1);
                player->AddItem(200079, 1);
                player->AddItem(200066, 1);
                player->AddItem(200065, 1);
                break;

            case 3: // Paladin: Level 80 + Healer & DPS & Paladin (20 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200000, 1);
                player->AddItem(200001, 1);
                player->AddItem(200002, 1);
                player->AddItem(200003, 1);
                player->AddItem(200004, 1);
                player->AddItem(200035, 1);
                player->AddItem(200036, 1);
                player->AddItem(200037, 1);
                player->AddItem(200038, 1);
                player->AddItem(200039, 1);
                player->AddItem(200040, 1);
                player->AddItem(200041, 1);
                player->AddItem(200042, 1);
                player->AddItem(200043, 1);
                player->AddItem(200044, 1);
                break;

            case 4: // Warrior: Level 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200005, 1);
                player->AddItem(200006, 1);
                player->AddItem(200007, 1);
                player->AddItem(200008, 1);
                player->AddItem(200009, 1);
                player->AddItem(200010, 1);
                player->AddItem(200011, 1);
                player->AddItem(200012, 1);
                player->AddItem(200013, 1);
                player->AddItem(200014, 1);
                break;

            case 5: // Priest: Level 80 + Healer & DPS Sets (15 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200060, 1);
                player->AddItem(200061, 1);
                player->AddItem(200062, 1);
                player->AddItem(200063, 1);
                player->AddItem(200064, 1);
                player->AddItem(200025, 1);
                player->AddItem(200026, 1);
                player->AddItem(200027, 1);
                player->AddItem(200028, 1);
                player->AddItem(200029, 1);
                break;

            case 6: // DK: Level 80 + DPS & Tank Sets (15 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200085, 1);
                player->AddItem(200086, 1);
                player->AddItem(200087, 1);
                player->AddItem(200088, 1);
                player->AddItem(200089, 1);
                player->AddItem(200090, 1);
                player->AddItem(200091, 1);
                player->AddItem(200092, 1);
                player->AddItem(200093, 1);
                player->AddItem(200094, 1);
                break;

            case 7: // Rogue: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200020, 1);
                player->AddItem(200021, 1);
                player->AddItem(200022, 1);
                player->AddItem(200023, 1);
                player->AddItem(200024, 1);
                break;

            case 8: // Hunter: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200080, 1);
                player->AddItem(200081, 1);
                player->AddItem(200082, 1);
                player->AddItem(200083, 1);
                player->AddItem(200084, 1);
                break;

            case 9: // Mage: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200030, 1);
                player->AddItem(200031, 1);
                player->AddItem(200032, 1);
                player->AddItem(200033, 1);
                player->AddItem(200034, 1);
                break;

            case 10: // Warlock: Level 80 + DPS Set (10 Tokens)
                player->AddItem(200015, 1);
                player->AddItem(200016, 1);
                player->AddItem(200017, 1);
                player->AddItem(200018, 1);
                player->AddItem(200019, 1);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    OnGossipHello(player, creature);
    return true;
}

};
void AddSC_Level_NPC()
{
new Level_NPC();
}[/CODE]

5

Rochet Sorry, I did not mean to ignore your post, the problem is that I did not know how to apply it, I’m still learning, then base your advice I tried to do something, I do not like to say “can you do me” without just try to do it by myself, now you made ​​a correction, and thanks to it I have learned which failed, and learned too how to use switch so I thank you because thanks to you I learned something new. Now I try to think some basic script to make it alone and apply my new knowledges, I will show it when its done.

6

That’s fair and noble. The “switch” statement is basic part of the C++ programming language that the Trinity core is written in. If you really want to be more independent with your changes, then you definitely should find an online tutorial for C++ so that you can better understand the code.